Nasal congestion and runny nose are common symptoms that can affect people at any stage of life. Although often considered minor inconveniences, they can significantly interfere with quality of life. Therefore, understanding their causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for managing them promptly and effectively.
What is nasal congestion?
Nasal congestion occurs when the tissues lining the inside of the nose become inflamed and the blood vessels in that area dilate. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, such as the flu, the common cold, infections, allergies, environmental irritants, and overuse of nasal drops or sprays, among others. The inflammation of the nasal tissues makes it difficult for air to pass through, causing the sensation of a blocked nose.
In some cases, nasal congestion can lead to mucus discharge from the nasal passages, known as rhinorrhea. When this mucus drips down the back of the throat, it can cause a sore throat and/or cough.
Causes of nasal congestion and discharge
The most common causes of nasal congestion and discharge include:
- Viral infections : the common cold and the flu are frequent causes of these symptoms. Viruses cause inflammation and consequently congestion in the upper respiratory tract, leading to mucus production.
- Allergies : Allergic rhinitis occurs when the immune system reacts to allergens such as pollen, dust, pet dander, and others. This reaction causes inflammation and mucus production in the nose (2).
- Sinusitis : Inflammation of the sinuses can cause congestion, runny nose, and facial pain. Sinusitis can be acute or chronic, depending on the duration of symptoms.
- Non-allergic rhinitis : This condition includes runny nose, sneezing, and nasal congestion. When environmental allergies (caused by pollen) or the common cold (usually caused by viruses) are not the cause of these symptoms, the condition is known as non-allergic rhinitis.
Symptoms
In addition to a stuffy nose and runny nose, other symptoms may include:
- Sneezing.
- Itching in the nose, eyes, or throat.
- Sore throat.
- Cough.
- Facial pain or pressure in the sinuses.
- Decreased sense of smell.
The presence and severity of these symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause.
How to treat nasal congestion?
Some treatment options for nasal congestion include:
- Over-the-counter medications : This category includes medications for coughs, nasal congestion, and colds, which are used to combat general discomfort . They are usually sold in tablet or sachet form to be dissolved in water or other liquids. Their use is not recommended for children without prior medical authorization.
- Hydration : Staying hydrated helps replenish the excessive fluid loss that often occurs with nasal congestion and discharge.
- Specific treatments according to the cause : depending on what causes the nasal congestion, the treating physician may indicate specific medication, such as the use of antihistamines in cases of allergic rhinitis.
When is it necessary to see a doctor?
It is important to remember that if symptoms persist for more than a week, are severe, or are accompanied by a high fever, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation.
In summary, nasal congestion and discharge are common symptoms with multiple causes. An accurate diagnosis is essential to determine the most appropriate treatment and alleviate the associated discomfort.
